DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47980/TLOI/2021/3/4-14Kalit so‘zlar:
fatvo islomiy hukmlar fatvolarning tartibga soluvchi roli islom huquqi Saudiya Arabistoni Oliy Ulamolar Kengashi Misr Fatvo uyi (Dar ul-Ifta) Diyanat Turkiya.Annotasiya
Maqolada zamonaviy musulmon mamlakatlaridagi fatvo tushunchasi va ma’nosi ochib berilgan. Islom huquqshunosligi har doim ham yangi hayot sharoitida paydo bo’ladigan savollarga to’g’ridan-to’g’ri javob bermaydi, lekin bu shariat normalari eskirgan degani emas. Zamonaviy olimlarning ta’kidlashicha, shariat bo’yicha savollarga javoblar bor, ularni to’g’ri chiqarib olish kerak va buning uchun ilohiyotdan tortib eng zamonaviy bo’lgan bilimlarf ega bo’lish juda muhimdir. Fatvo musulmon huquqshunosning individual fikri yoki bir guruh ekspertlar yoki maxsus organning jamoaviy fikrining ifodasi bo’lishi mumkin. Fatvoning ahamiyatiga baho berishda, o’rganilayotgan davlatning huquqiy tizimini hisobga olish kerak. Yuridik ahamiyat nuqtai nazaridan fatvolar quyidagilarga bo’linadi: 1) yuridik ahamiyatga ega - bu qonunlar shariat asosida tuzilgan mamlakatlarga taalluqlidir; 2) cheklangan yuridik kuchga ega - fatvoning bu shakli shariat muayyan hududlarni tartibga soluvchi mamlakatlarda keng tarqalgan; 3) tavsiya xarakteriga ega bo’lgan va yuridik kuchga ega bo’lmaganlar - ular din davlatdan ajratilgan mamlakatlarda keng tarqalgan. Zamonaviy hukumatlar va islom ulamolari turli ijtimoiy va siyosiy masalalarda yaqindan hamkorlik qiladilar. Dunyoviy qonunlarga ega bo’lgan musulmon davlatlarida fatvo tavsiyaviy kuchga egadir. Deyarli barcha musulmon mamlakatlarida fatvo institutlari davlat idoralari bilan yaqindan hamkorlik qiladi. Ushbu diniy tashkilotning davlat idoralari tomonidan muvofiqlashtirish talabga ega, chunki zamonaviy tarixda ijtimoiy va siyosiy qarama–qarshiliklarga olib kelgan nazoratsiz ulamolar tomonidan fatvo e’lon qilinganligi to’g’risida ko’plab faktlar mavjud. Ichki siyosiy fitna maydonida fatvolar barqarorlikni saqlash, nizolarning oldini olish va ba’zan hokimiyatni kuchaytirish uchun ko’pchilikning ongiga yo’naltirilgan ta’sir ko’rsatishda muhim tartibga soluvchi rol o’ynaydi. Ko’plab musulmon mamlakatlarining zamonaviy tarixida ichki va tashqi siyosat muammolarini fatvo instituti yordamida hal qilishga misollar ko’p.
Yuklab olishlar
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