Vol. 5 No. 4 (2022)

This paper examines some significant aspects of scientific life during one of the important periods in the history of Mawarannahr. The studied period is the era of the Samanids, which witnessed high scientific progress. The article begins with an explanation of the origin of the Samanid state and its place in the history. Then several aspects that reflect the scientific life of this period are covered. First of all, information about the Samanid state and the Samanid emirs are introduced. The process of the introduction of Islam to Mawarannahr was discussed. It was emphasized that this country achieved a high position thanks to Islam and that the first teachers who taught Islam to the local people were companions and followers. Then the important scientific centers and scholars who served as a source of science for students are mentioned in the article. The scientific environment in Mawarannahr, and the activities of the faqih, hadith collectors, and mutakallim scholars of this period were analyzed. Then the position of scholars and the patronage of science by the Samanid emirs and its positive impact on the scientific environment were revealed. The religions and madhabs that were active at that time, as well as the scientific activity that occurred as a result of their diversity, were considered. Important aspects related to the spread of the Persian language and culture, which began to compete with the Arabic language, the language of science and literature of that time, were analyzed. Then, another aspect that had an impact on scientific life, that is, folk views related to shrines and holy sites, which are considered important in Sufism, is highlighted.

Исламские традиции на протяжении веков соприкасаясь с богатым культурным наследием народов Центральной Азии способствовали формированию здесь особой мусульманской культуры, которая отразилась как на духовно-просветительской жизни, так и на развитии науки и образования. Особое место в этих исторических процессах занимал Узбекистан и такие его города как Бухара, Самарканд, Насаф, (Карши), Термез, Хива, Шаш (Ташкент) и др., прославившиеся во всем мусульманском мире, как ведущие культурные центры.

Из Ташкентского оазиса вышло множество всемирно известных ученых, прославившиеся на весь мир своими заслугами. Древний Ташкент предстает одним из благословленных мест, где покоятся великие благочестивые ученые, мухаддисы и праведники. Именно здесь обрели вечный покой благородные тела Абу Бакра Каффала Шаши (Хазрат Имам), Зангиота, Шейх Хаванд Тахура и др.

В данной статье на основе источников изучена деятельность известного представителя Яссавийского тариката Занги ата (Ай-ходжа ибн Таш-ходжа). Известно, что, вся сознательная жизнь Занги ата совпала с периодом нестабильности и насилия в регионе, причиной которого является нашествие монголов. Монгольское нашествие привело к кризису социально-культурной жизни народов Центральной Азии. Однако монгольскому нашествию противостояла национально-освободительная борьба народов региона, подкрепленная духовно-религиозными принципами, в частности, исламской религией. В это время сформировались такие суфийские ордена (тарикаты) как Яссавия, Кубравия и Накшбандия. Суфизм в этот период стал объединяющей духовной силой народов Центральной Азии. Одним из представителей суфийских предводителей был Зангиата. Предлагаемая статья содержит сведения об образе жизни Занги аты как примере для подражания и анализ его роли в распространении таких качеств, как преданность, патриотизм, трудолюбие, честность, справедливость, милосердие и доброта. Исследована также особая роль мемориального комплекса Занги аты в исламской культуре Центральной Азии. Также, изучена история мемориального комплекса Занги ата и эпиграфические надписи на зданиях комплекса.

It is known that the Mamluk sultans ruled Egypt in 1250-1517. Between 1250-and 1382 the throne was occupied by the Mamluks-Bahri, originally from the Turks, and from 1382 to 1517 – by the Burjis (Circassians) Mamluks from the Caucasus. This article studies and analyzes the entry of the Turkic Mamluks into Egypt, the Tulunids, the Ikhshids, the Mamluks from the Turks. The prestige of the Mamluk sultans of Egypt rose sharply after crushing the remaining forces of the crusaders and the victory over the Mongols. The grandson of the Khorezmshah, Sultan Kutuz, avenged the Mongols for his grandfather and uncle, an analysis of the information related to his longtime enemy Zahir Beybars’ genealogy, who ascended the throne, killing Kutuz, is given. Another feature and important aspect of the period under study was the intensive penetration of Turkic elements into Arab culture. The first Mamluk sultans (Bakhri) spoke the Kypchak-Oguz dialect of the ancient Turkic language, since most of them had a poor command of Arabic. The Kypchak language was also used in the sultan’s adminstration. Specialists in the ancient Turkic languages note that during this period, special attention was paid to the study of the Kypchak language in Egypt, works were written on the study of the grammar and lexical richness of the Kypchak language. Books were written in this language and given to the ruling Mamluk emirs and sultans. During this period, the Mamluk sultans paid tribute to scientists, so scientists from many countries came here and created the opportunity to work freely. It should also be recognized that the Mamluks could not marry the locals. At the same time, attention was paid to the fact that the blood did not deteriorate. For this reason, they also brought concubines from Movarounnahr and married them after their release. Until now, there is a mahalla (neighbourhood) of al-Uzbakiya in Cairo, the inhabitants of whose are descendants of representatives of the peoples of Shash, Bukhara and Ferghana of that time, and there is historical data related to the fact that the place is still called by this name.

The article is dedicated to the methodological aspects of the expert practice of modern religious studies and theology. This area is relatively new for domestic religious studies, many issues related to the methodology of religious studies expertise, conceptual and terminological tool have not yet been developed. Tasks on creating its methodological base have not yet been included in the normative legal documents of Uzbekistan. Attempts to form it in the world of religious studies have not been completed and require a prompt solution against the backdrop of discussions about the appropriateness of religious studies expertise, ranging from the belief in its urgent need to its denial.

A comparative analysis of the history of the development of rationalistic methods of Islamic theology and the modern practice of studying materials of religious content in the course of religious expertise allowed us to identify a number of problems. This study aims to solve them.

The purpose of the article is to identify a range of methodological and practical issues related to two aspects of the above issues: 1) using the principle of “harmonious combination of secular and religious knowledge” in relation to the research stage of religious expertise; 2) the study of rationalistic methods of Islamic theology with a view to their use in the religious studies examination of materials of religious content. It also aims to suggest appropriate solutions.

To solve the tasks, firstly, the opinions of Eastern and Western Orientalists and Islamic scholars on the definition of the concepts “ilm” (knowledge), “fan” (science) and “din” (religion) are summarized from the point of view of the scientific and theological approach to their definition, taking into account the application of the principle of “harmonious combination of secular and religious knowledge”. Secondly, both the medieval rationalistic methods of kalam, methods of verifying hadiths in the writings of Imam Bukhari, and modern narrative methods are analyzed. Thirdly, a methodological assessment of the practice of using the principle of “harmonious combination of secular and religious knowledge” in relation to the research stage of religious studies expertise is given, methodological recommendations are proposed for experts - religious scholars and theologians.

The method of induction was used to prove the extension of particular conclusions on the examination of materials with Islamic content to the examination of religious content in general. In this case, the legitimacy of this is due to the fact that the scientific method is universal and extends to conclusions about the religions of the world. Comparative and content analysis, the principle of historicism, a systematic and integrated approach methods were used.

As a result of a comprehensive analysis of religious studies and theological approaches, experts – religious scholars and theologians are offered practical recommendations that allow them to adhere to research principles specific to their field of knowledge, when conducting an examination of materials of religious content.

‘Religious studies’ is one of the sciences that include the cultural, educational, and intellectual history of humanity. The field of comparative religion, which is considered a major branch of this science, was studied separately not only in the West, but also in the East in the Middle Ages. The first founders of this science are Muslim scholars. A number of scholars such as Beruni, Ibn Hazm, Shahristani, and Kalbi can be included among them.

In particular, Ibn Hazm Andalusi is considered one of the Muslim scholars who first studied religions comparatively. Beruni and Ibn Hazm are considered to be major representatives of the Islamic renaissance period, and their works on comparative theology are important in the development of this field. These two encyclopedic scholars are recognized by religious scholars as “Fathers of the science of comparative religion”. The works they wrote have not lost their importance to this day and serve as the main sources for researchers in the field of comparative religion.

This article contains information about the life of Ibn Hazm Andalusi, who is considered one of the founders of comparative religious studies in the Muslim world, the socio-political situation and religious environment of the time he lived, as well as the scientific heritage of the Ibn Hazm, his works that have reached us, the attitudes of Islamic scholars and religious scholars to the scientific heritage of Ibn Hazm Andalusi , in particular, the history of the writing of his book “al-Fisal fil-milal wal-ahwa van-nihal”, the classification of trends in the book and the place of this book among the books on the history of religions and their trends.

Ibn Hazm Andalusi’s book “al-Fisal fil-milal wal-ahwa van-nihal” is one of the first sources of Eastern comparative religious studies. This work belongs to the works written in the genre of milal and nihal. The work contains information about the doctrines of monotheistic and polytheistic religions, their sects, currents and directions. The concepts of different religions are compared and analyzed, and their differences and unique aspects are studied. The author used a critical analysis and an objective attitude in explaining the teachings of religions. Also, the work compares the concepts of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, the history of division and the emergence of sects within these religions, the views of each sect, and the arguments presented by them are described in detail.

Today, in the era of globalization, which is rapidly changing, we are all concerned that various conspiracies and mischiefs are being observed by misinterpreting the rules of Islam and falsifying them. In addition, it encourages awareness and vigilance. In such a situation, it has become an urgent issue to preserve the purity of the Islamic religion, to prepare specialists with high scientific and religious potential who are able to convey its true essence of peace and humanity concepts of Islam to the population, especially to the youth, and to find effective measures to “fight against ignorance with enlightenment”.

In our country, the development of our national traditions and values, the in-depth study of the scientific heritage of our great scholar ancestors, and the education of our youth to be a generation of love for the Motherland, knowledge, and intellectual maturity are considered as the priority directions of the state policy. As in all spheres, many reforms are being carried out in the religious sphere. Special attention was paid to the rich scientific and spiritual heritage of Islam, to the study of the priceless works left by our ancestors, to the restoration of our national traditions, and all conditions were created for the safe fulfillment of the religion’s rules. The reforms being carried out in this area are well recognized at the world level and are considered as an exemplary model of religious tolerance.

However, at a time when such conditions were created, some of our compatriots were influenced by the supporters of some non-Islamic groups and did anti-Islamic things that are contrary to the Muslim world in modern society, such as building an “Islamic state”, “fighting against infidels”, and “helping” oppressed Muslims with the aspirations of “emigration” and “jihad”, unknowingly or being deceived, they become a participant in the subversive actions that are being carried out in peaceful societies. Becoming a “puppet” of destructive forces, some are turning against their country, their parents, brothers and relatives. As a result, they are causing unjust bloodshed, their own deaths, long-term imprisonment, and refugees or exiles in various countries.

The main manifestations of such actions today are clearly felt in the activities of groups such as the “Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant” (ISIL). To protect our people, especially young people and women, from such radical groups and their malicious ideas, to create socio-psychological immunity against their negative effects, to shed light on the untruthfulness of the claims of supporters of the movement based on scientific evidence and sources, to eliminate the causes and conditions that allow the emergence of informal communities the need for socio-psychological analysis is felt. From this point of view, the presented article, along with its importance in the fight against ignorance with enlightenment, will undoubtedly serve as a support for the representatives of the field studying and working in the religious-educational direction.

In this article, the methods of rehabilitation and deradicalization of women and children returned from the war zones of the Middle East and Afghanistan as part of the “Mehr” operation, the tasks of adapting them to the social and spiritual environment, the psychological influence of the terrorist organization ISIL (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant) on women through various methods the analysis of transfer steps is described.

The effective use of digital technologies in the organization of distance education plays an important role in the rapid assimilation of new information introduced into science. It will also be possible to implement additional information within the virtual subject being studied. Therefore, the study of methods for introducing digital technologies and their effective use in distance learning processes, the creation of distance learning courses belongs to the group of topical scientific and technical problems. At present, the importance of using digital technologies in improving the quality of education is very high. The purpose of the research work is the effective use of digital technologies in distance education and the theoretical basis for testing its effectiveness. The article mentions the possibilities of the Moodle system, the advantages of using elements, effective methods of teaching science. The use of modern digital technologies and means of communication in distance education will also be discussed. The article outlines the stages of development of digital technologies, defines the meaning and content of the concepts “Digital technologies”. Description of information about the Kahoot and Quizizz software platforms are provided for an interesting organization of the educational process. The merits of this platform in developing the intellectual and creative abilities of students and increasing their enthusiasm for learning are also emphasized. Regardless of whether the educational process is traditional or distance learning, it is necessary to increase students’ interest in the lesson, encourage them to work on themselves, and form independent learning skills. Organizing the educational process on gaming platforms, creating a set of electronic tests and its use in teaching, increasing the effectiveness of the lesson, students’interest to the lesson, the development of students’ independent thinking skills and a high level of mastery of the subject being taught. It is advisable to use digital technologies in the educational process to develop students’ interest, to boost the skills and abilities to use additional literature outside the textbook, to direct students to scientific research, as well as to constantly transfer knowledge to students.

In the conditions of transition to innovative economy radical changes in all public administration structures were required for the effective work of industrial enterprises of the region. Only by providing a favorable innovative investment environment and creating an effective mechanism for each industrial enterprise the region was able to get on the path of renewal and development. The article describes the directions of development of organizational and economic mechanisms for the development of region’s industry in the in the conditions of the formation of an innovative economy. A number of mechanisms and their measurements are given. Opportunities to support innovation activities by regional governments are widely covered. In particular, the issue of financial security and tax incentives was raised. The importance of innovation centers and the need to open technology transfer centers are also explained in detail. The tasks of technology transfer centers and the sequence of work in this direction were also discussed. The organization of the development fund, the goals and objectives of the fund, the scope of activities and a number of programs in this area were also proposed. The article analyzes the innovative structure of the industrial complex of the region, highlights its components of the market, resource, financial, innovation and motivational blocks. The development of regional industry in three stages (initial, middle and final) is explained in detail. This is the basis for the need to develop a regional model for the development of the industry and the level of problems. The priority directions of development of the regional industry are determined. Basic principles, mechanisms and tools have been developed. The activities of regional industrial clusters were assessed qualitatively and quantitatively. A system analysis of the regional model of the industry development was also carried out. Measures to support innovation activities have been developed by local governments. In conclusion, proposals are given within the framework of the tasks set for the development of the industry and directions for their implementation. It also included a comprehensive program of measures to develop high-tech production in the region. The measures are aimed at reducing the remoteness of the districts and cities that make up the region.

The issue of studying the history of Sufism, translating, interpreting and conveying its sources to our people became one of main tasks for our intellectuals in the early years of independence. The team of Professor Najmiddin Komilov and his disciples made their contribution in fulfilling the tasks in this regard. The article contains a detailed study of the scientific and educational works of tasawwuf scholar, doctor of philology, professor Najmiddin Komilov. For example, N.Komilov’s publications include works, articles, monographs, treatises, translations, lectures, forewords, reviews, editor-in-chief, and definitions as well. Gained data about the scientist’s scientific activity in the field of mysticism are given based on the information found during the study. The scientific research activity of the scientist was extensive, and he carried out scientific research work in various fields of science. In particular, it is mentioned that he researched aspects related to translation and comparative literature studies, theoretical issues of translation history, textual studies, and the development of literary genres in field of literature. The importance of the scholar’s first published book on “Tasawwuf” in the years of independence on Sufism was studied and history of Sufism, tariqahs, spirit, enlightenment and truth, love, karamat (prodigy), tariqah and Shariah, hilwat and secrecy, futwwat, essence - to strive for human, current issues such as the perfect man, mysticism, and artistic creation were discussed. Many works of N.Komilov, such as the performance of the editorial ofice responsible for the works, translations of oriental manuscripts, lectures, prefaces, reviews, as well as activities in the editorial board, were studied separately. At the same time, N.Komilov’s scientific works were presented to modern friends in forms of unique materials. The study of the scientific and educational works of Professor Najmiddin Komilov were divided into three periods, and a name is given for every period, and conclusions are made. The scientist’s scientific and creative research on religion, nation, history, literature and mysticism during his lifetime was considered a positive educational heritage for current generation, and his scientific and creative activities are gained in this article as much as possible.