DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47980/TLOI/2023/2/11-21Keywords:
Movarounnahr Khurasan samanids saffarids zeidites emir mamluk turk divan dargah vezir kazi waqf kharaj jizya.Abstract
The article covers the formation of the Samanid state, the formation of the state system of government and the introduction of administrative positions on the basis of primary sources and scientific literature.
Introduction describes the political situation in the Arab Caliphate, the establishment of the Samanid state, its administrative division, the transformation of the state capital. Also, the reasons for the entry of the Samanids into the political arena are covered on the basis of primary sources.
Methods section explains the importance of the methods used in writing the article, such as historical analysis, analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction.
Results are partly based on the fact that the Samanid state served as a benchmark for the state of the Karakhanids, Ghaznavids, Saljuqis and Khwarazmshahs in later periods as an early example of Islam-based local governance.
The discussion section consists of three parts.
In the first part, the appointments of Somonhudot's sons as governors at Movarounnahr in exchange for loyal services to the caliphate, the reasons for the foundation of the Samanid state by Ismail Ibn Ahmad and the relocation of the capital from Samarkand to Bukhara were revealed.
The second part deals with the ghazawat Wars of Samanids waged against the non-muslim Turks on the eastern borders of Movarounnahr and the titles they bestowed on them by the caliphs.
The third part details the appropriation of the Samanid system of state governance from the Devon system of the Arab Caliphate, as well as the establishment of government agencies for local governance.
The conclusion
- Samanids were the first indigenous Muslim dynasty in Movarounnahr and were completely independent in internal governance, subject to the caliph in foreign policy. This is evidenced by the fact that the Samanid rulers minted coins in their names and mentioned themselves after the name of the caliph in the Friday sermon.
- The Samanids and the independent Turko-Muslim dynasties that followed them transformed the Central Asian region, which developed with a long period of dissolution, into a centralized holistic state. As a result of the decision of centralized management in Movarounnahr, internal disputes were shorn, trade, crafts, farming, gardening developed, and the welfare of living increased.
– Qarluqs and Oghuz, the two largest Turkic tribes, adopted Islam in exchange for the efforts of the Samanids; founded centralized Muslim states with strong governance fed by Islamic doctrine, such as the Qarakhanids, Ghaznavids, Saljuqis, Khwarazmshahs, Ottomans, Tulunids, as well as serving as a template for later periods of Public Administration.
- The type of regular army, consisting of the Turks and Sugd Chokars, first established by the Samanids, later became widespread even in the Arab Caliphate and went down in history under the name of the Mamluk system of Ghulams. One of the factors that ensured his vitality was management of centralism based on Islamic doctrine.
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